Reaction to Karen Pykes Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction to Karen Pykes Article - Essay Example Within these three factors, what become apparent are the immigrants high regard for the culture which is dominant in the society. Their picture of what is "ideal" and "normal" family becomes synonymous with that of the North American family as seen in popular media and their American peers. On the other hand, the family ideology of the minority like Koreans and Vietnamese is seen as deficient. The study reveals the preference of the immigrants to have a more Americanized family than stick with their own family ideologies. It should be noted that almost all the interviewees express their predilection for more sensitive, open communication, flexibility, and forgiveness among family members. Their traditional family values like role prescriptions, family obligations, hierarchical relations, and lack of emotional expressiveness are seen are hindrances in attaining rapport among family members. Given a chance to change their families, Koreans and Vietnamese immigrants want their parents to be less strict and give them more freedom, more open-minded and less traditional, and more expressive. As mentioned above, it can be seen that this perception of the normal and ideal family stems from the hegemony of the American culture in the society where they belong. However, Pyke also notes that even though Koreans and Vietnamese immigr

Outline the Important Features of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Outline the Important Features of Utilitarianism Essay The word Utilitarianism comes from the Latin word ‘utilitis’ meaning useful. This traditional ethical theory stemmed from the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Principle of Utility is a teological theory popularised by the late British philosopher, Jeremy Bentham. Its basic meaning suggests it’s the total consequences of an action which determine how morally right or wrong an action is. If the amount of happiness produced in an action overrides the unhappiness produced by an action, the action is determined right. An example of this would be an abortion. Jeremy Bentham was a man of extraordinary intellectual gifts; at the age three he began to study Latin and at the age of sixteen he took his degree at Oxford University. He introduced Act Utilitarianism; every act is evaluated on whether it does or does not produce happiness/pleasure. ‘The greatest happiness for the greatest number’. This insinuates that the amount of people made happy through an act is more important than the quality of their happiness, regardless of the consequences. However, there could be problems with this theory as Phillip Pettit indicated in the quote ‘so long as they promised the best consequences†¦ it would forbid absolutely nothing: not rape, not torture, not even murder. ’ Indicating that Act Utilitarianism could be an excuse to commit dreadful crimes such as murder it may create happiness for the person that committed the murder. It is also difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure or pain in an action. Yet, this theory is still a vital feature of Utilitarianism because it encourages people to think about the consequences of their actions before they perform the act. See more: essay apa format Consequently, Bentham introduced the Hedonic Calculus. The Hedonic Calculus proposes the idea that human pleasures and pains are measurable and that actions can be judged on whether they are considered right or wrong. There are seven factors that are considered when making this decision; it’s intensity (how pleasurable or painful the action is); the duration (how long the pleasure or pain will last); certainty (how sure of the pleasure of pain you are); propinquity/ remoteness (how near the pleasure or pain is); fecundity (the chance of being followed by similar sensations); purity (the chance of it not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind); and extent (the number of individuals affected by it). Nevertheless, John Stuart Mill stated that (happiness is) ‘much too complex and indefinite’ (to be the measure of the moral worth of an action). Connoting, the amount of happiness/pleasure in an action is an individual process. It’s subjective not objective. However the Hedonic Calculus is no doubt an essential feature of Utilitarianism as it is important to consider what makes an action morally right or wrong. Furthermore, Bentham’s disciple and friend, John Stuart Mill introduced Rule Utilitarianism. Rule Utilitarianism measures the consequences of the act repeated over and over again through time, to be followed as a rule whenever certain circumstances arise. It is assesses how morally right or wrong an act is. Mill stressed the importance of ‘The Greatest happiness for the greatest principle’ and the significance of quality over quantity. Implying the extent of the happiness is more important than how many people the happiness affects. He argued that it is the promotion of pleasures and the prevention of pain that determine our moral decisions. However what Mill failed to recognise was that it goes against human rights. So crimes as awful as murder may be considered acceptable in some cases. It could also be argued that Rule Utilitarianism ignores the consequences of the act. Rule Utilitarianism is still a very important theory as it aims to provide the most happiness/ pleasure for people as possible. Leading on, Mill introduced the idea of higher and lower pleasures. Namely those of the mind (intellectual pleasures such as learning a language) are higher pleasures. Whilst body pleasures such as eating are lower pleasures. The higher pleasures are considered more prime and important than lower pleasures. Mill declared ‘it is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. ’ Implying humans are capable of experiencing much higher pleasures than animals. Mill ‘on Liberty’ stated ‘the only part of conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others’. Suggesting that individuals should care and be concerned by how others think and feel. Conversely, the problem with this theory is that it is difficult to measure the amount of pleasure someone feels. In conclusion, although Utilitarianism is very useful when evaluating the consequences of an action, this theory does not consider the moral righteousness of an action. It is also very difficult to measure the amount of pleasure produced from action. The amount of pleasure can also differ depending on the individual.

Surrealism in Art and Photography

Surrealism in Art and Photography A fundamental problem for fine art photographers is to distinguish themselves from this morras of photographic folklore, somehow to separate themselves from all these common men who know how to make pictures with cameras, and to convince us all that what they do is special. (Christopherson, 1974) The aim of this rationale is to situate my professional practice within the historical and theoretical contexts explored during my university studies. This essay will deal with establishing the fact that fashion photography does not have to be just about fashion by emphasizing the art in my pieces and consequently creating fine art photography. The first part of this analysis will examine the nature of photography which has become the medium of my practice. Second part consists of consequent research on fashion photography and sequent analysis and discussion. In order to link it with art, the background of Surrealism will be briefly outlined. The final analysis will consider key features of my practice. Can be a  fashion photography considered as a  true art form? What theories, quotations or articles are in agreement with this subject matter? What are characteristics of art photography? Research has shown that photography was born in eighteen thirty nine and is regarded as everyday medium that communicates concept visually. Roland Barthes (1980) defined photograph as aid which help us to be informed about the world. Furthermore, one should not forget the Susan Sontags theory take pictures as you travel what suggests that collecting the photographs means collecting the world. (Susan Sonntag, 1977) Charles Baudelaire (1859) suggests that photography depict the stupidity of masses, whereas P.H. Emerson claimed that photography was an independent and potentially great art from capable of expressing thoughts and emotions beyond the scope of the other and older art forms. (P.H. Emerson, 1975) In agreement with Emerson, this contemporary medium embodies the way of expressing ideas, expressing myself within my practice. Photography is more than a medium for factual communication of ideas. It is a creative art . (Ansell Adams, 1952) The question whether photography can be considered as an art has been discussed especially in sixties and seventies. It has been found out that in nineteen sixty eight was born the relationship between photography and art. In a Grundergs opinion, it has all started when photographers regarded photography as an art form and simultaneously artists have accepted camera in their practice. (Grundberg, 1987) On the one hand, there were artists who thought that camera is repressing imagination. On the other hand, some of them believe photograph is purely metaphoric. In agreement with the second statement, it has been found out that photographs symbolize the metaphor for artists experience. In other words, it serves the purpose of visualizing artists ideas. In a view of these facts, it is quite likely that if the art is about self-expression than the photograph which is used for expressing emotions, ideas or attitudes, must be regarded as an art form. The first person in history who wrote about photography as art was P.H. Emerson , British photographer and writer. He preferred aesthetic and emotional side of the image rather than the subject. Perhaps we should point out the fact that between nineteen seventy and nineteen ninety photographs has been equipollent with other contemporary arts. Which art movement has affected the development of a photograph and is also significant within my practice? It has been Surrealism, art movement that came into being in nineteen twenty four in Paris with leader Andre Breton. It may be true that surrealist group was the most controversial but on the other hand their expressions were positive and optimistic. To explore the voice of their inner selves, they focus on imagination, mysticism, dreams and mediation. This unreal art movement and photograph as a medium of realism seem to be totally different. Man Ray, American artist who has been considered as representative surrealist photographer had been interested in photography because of personal development. His theory which suggests that photography emphasizes visual sphere between forms is could be in agreement with considering photography as art form. He has also contributed by invention of photographic technique of solarisation. Although it may be true that Surrealism has had impact on a photograph, the most crucial point made so far is that it has significantly inspirited the development and nature of fashion photography. It would be unfair not to mention the fact that Man Rays surreal photographs breathed new life into fashion photography. What is the nature of fashion photography and what is its connection with art? History of fash ion is connected with photos by Baron Adolph de Meyer who published them in nineteen nine for magazine Vogue; however the relationship between art and fashion is recognized from renaissance. Anne Hollander (1994) claimed that fashion is art because it is capable of creating complete figural images psychologically real and modern. She also states that as artists turn to fashion, cloth designer turn to the fine art in order to explore the connection between fine and applied art, a sense of pure form and a sense of design to use. In a book entitled  ´Fashion Theory ´, Rosetta Brookes makes the point that You could say a painting is designed to go on the wall, but if it was made as fresco, where it was part of the wall, would you say it was not art because it was practical? (Rosetta Brookes, 1992) The question whether fashion can be consider as art is questionable and criticised, however these arguments seem to confirm that idea. Fashion does not have to be something people wear, fa shion is also an image. (Viktor and Rolf, 1999) Some critics suggest that fashion photography is just about depicting garments or models without any context behind it. It is questionable whether all kinds of fashion photographs are the same, or if there are artists whose images are portraying art with strong artistic context behind it. In this case it is important to highlight and analyse work of surrealist fashion photographers and related theories of critics. Rosetta Brookes (1992) has stated that fashion photographers have to capture the moment where the real world reproduced itself. She wrote on fashion photographer Helmut Newton that his fashion images are embodied in the dualism o the world itself. Judith Clarke (1998) discussed work of surrealist fashion photographer Erwin Blumenfeld who obviously removed fashion photograph from commercial form to its origins art. To support mentioned arguments it is worth stating that Metaphor and meaning of fashion were at the heart of surrealist visual language. (Richard Martin, 1987) It has also been found out that fashion represents for surrealist escape from ordinary to extraordinary. The radical change within fashion photography happened when Adolf de Meyer add shimmer into his images which embodied artistic photographs. This approach has removed the presentation of garment. Consequently it has evoked expressing of emotions. Martin Mukacsi (1933), Hungarian photographer who has transformed the course of fashion photograph when he blurred his photograph. The aim of photograph was to influence woman and let her apply it on her life. According to Roland Barthes (1983), three fashion styles exist. While the first one is objective, second one is more romantic with dream-like elements. The last one is represented as caricature. In agreement with Barthes, all of these specific fashion styles signified unreal. On reflection, it seems more accurate to say that there are lots of facts and theories underpinning the subject matter. The fact, that photograph is medium appro priate for expressing ideas and that for artists influenced by surrealism it embodies the escape from reality, is important statement not only for the subject matter but also for my professional practice. What are the features of Surrealism and other key aspects which are essential within the context of my work? The first thing that needs to be said is work of surrealists consist of dream-like elements. Additionally, the lecture on psychoanalysis let me to research Sigmund Freud and subsequently his book Interpretation of Dreams. In this book he suggests that all dreams derive from our experience and that is the reason why they are reproduced in our dreams. He is also describing the connection between content of dreams and waking life where he suggests that waking thoughts appear in dreams only when they are pushed to one side by thinking activity of the day. (Sigmund Freud, 1913) It is important to add that elements of dream-like representations are abounding in paintings of David Schell. Within my practice, there has been noticeable interest in interpretation of dreams in general. To illustrate this point, here are some examples of dream quotations that have inspirited my creating. There is nothing like a dream to create the future. (Victor Hugo, 1802-1885) To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream: not only plan, but also believe. (Anatole France, 1884-1924) You may say Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one, I hope someday you will join us, and the world will live as one. (John Lennon, 1940-1980) Another characteristic feature of surrealistic movement is unreal fantasy world. At this point is necessary to emphasize the influence of theorist Jean Baudrillard and his book called Simulacra and Simulations. Basically, he negates the reality as we usually understand it and suggest that world we live in have been replaced by simulations of the real-a copy world. According to Baudrillard, the false reality of Disneyland is presented as imaginary to make people believe all surroundings are real. The best example to understand the theory is watching the news on television of two people having an accident. He states that experience of the man and woman who were directly involved with the affair are the only ones to experience the reality and to anyone else it is just simulation. (Jean Baudrillard, 1981) Inspirited by his theory, the subject of my work is to create the hyper real world for viewers while acting in my photograph experiencing the real world. In other words, the subject of my work which may not be noticeable is to take the viewer beyond reality. The argument being put forward here is similar to quote of Bert P. Krages (2005) Knowing abut your subject is useful even if that knowledge does not seem to relate directly to the visual aspects of what you are trying to photograph. It worth stating at this point that there is another aspect of my work emerging. It is a well-known fact that the woman as an object has been representing by many artists, especially surrealist s and fashion photographers. Women embodied muse for artists as Man Ray or Edgar Degas. Research has shown that Edgar Degas was French impressionist who is celebrated as the master of drawing the human figure in motion. His favourite theme was women who were captured in their activities. Man Ray also found his motivation in women and is best-known for his avant-garde photography. His images provide the viewer far more differences than similarities of original model. Besides these artists it is essential to mention the influence of lecture called Human Body in Painting and Photograph where this subject has been discussed and analysed. After two years of creating, this subject matter within my practice has been transformed into performance. Performance art came into being in nineteen sixty in United States and has been representing visual artists. By nineteen seventy it was already acknowledged as global term and regarded as art. There is plenty of performance artists therefore it is compulsory to focus on artist with the greatest impact. It has been Marina Abramovic who is regarded as grandmother of performance and also Jemima Stehli who creates self-portraits by using a mirror. However, the most influential artist in addition to this topic is Cindy Sherman. Her personality has had important impact on photography as well as on my own self-directed practice. Her personality is celebrated as one of the most influential and respected American photographers in the twentieth century. Using designer cloths she was trying to point out contemporary problems of modern age and investigate ideas and images of female in media, society and nature of the conception of art. Andrew Sargus Klein (2006) claimed that Sherman endeavour to erase the notion of the voyeuristic photographer- instead, the observer is the viewer. Although some critics believe that her images are just self-portraits, however her quotation is in disagreement with this statement I am trying to make other people recognize something of themselves rather than me. (Cindy Sherman, 1982) Patty Chang (2000) states that performance art and photography are opposites, but both define a non-ordinary space by establishing parameters on it- a space that depends on the observer to make it come alive. To conclude this part, it is myself performing in my photographs. The aim is not to present myself, but to present my ideas through photographic medium. The performance feature provides me the sense of freedom in what I do and what I want to depict. It symbolizes the pure pleasure of playing, acting by using my body as non-commercial silhouette. The purpose of the performance element is to express myself, my ideas and be the one who is manipulating the viewer and who is trying to communicate with audience. However, influenced by Cindy Shermans thinking, the endeavour of my work is not to recognize something about myself, but to let people discover something about them. Not only has performance art originated in nineteen sixty, but also Psychedelic art. It is undeniable that hallucinations, illusions and imagination illustrate key features of surrealists. Edmund Critchley (1987) suggests that hallucinations are obvious in psychical illnesses but can also be experienced by normal people and became source of inspiration for art. It is generally known that Salvador Dali, the most surrealist from other surrealists, has applied in his art making hallucinatory features what caused the fact that his art was difficult to understand. Not only hallucinatory features are important for my practice, but also illusions and imagination. According to Edmund Critchely (1987) illusions, the conscious and unconscious of the form of stimuli provide much of unexpected in art. An alternative approach might be quotation of Sigmund Freud (1927) Illusions commented themselves to us because they save us pain and allow us enjoy pleasure instead. We must therefore accept it without complaint when they sometimes collide with a bit of reality against which they are dashed to pieces. Apart from hallucinations and illusions, imagination is also important within the subject matter and my practice. It is a well-known fact that surrealists style uses visual imagery from subconscious mind to create art without the intention of logical compre hensibility. An alternative explanation might be that they have rather used their imagination. We would even go so far as to say that Albert Einsteins (1879-1955) quotation Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere- in other words, imagination is more important than knowledge- is in agreement with this argument. To sum up information stated above, the purpose of using hallucinatory feature and illusions is simple- the aim is to offer a pleasure to viewer and experience something scrupulously honest. As mentioned above, psychedelic art came into being in nineteen sixty and represents attitudes of underground sub-culture. Steven Heller (2010) claimed that psychedelic art â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦was language used as a code for a revolutionary generation. The features of this art are mainly bright vivid colours and surreal sense which have been manifested within art, fashion and music. The most essential fact contextualizing my practice is using contrasting beautiful colou rs for purpose of transporting the viewer into fantasy world. In addition to colours, colour theory and specific psychological meaning of single colour. It has been found out that colour is sensed by eye, however the perception of it takes place in mind and it serves sense of illusion and distance. By using different shades and tones at different images, the purpose of the colour is to evoke emotion while looking at piece of work. Therefore I agree with quotation of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Colours, like features, follow the changes of the emotions. Which other features are significant for surrealistic creating? In addition to illusion, it has been found out that many surrealist but also fashion photographers have used mirrors or mirror effects in order to mystify the viewer. My early influence originated from pieces of Gilbert and George, contemporary controversial artists. The effect of mirroring is result of digital manipulation of the image. Works of the most contemporary fashi on photographer, David LaChapelle has astonished me because of undetectable manipulation. He is also applying surreal feature and narrative within his creating. However, the digital manipulation is not the only aspect within existing process of my works. Firstly, there is a need of finding a place which seems appropriate and first of all, interesting. Most of the time, damaged and messy localities are investigating in order to use their complex composition when creating unreal world and transforming them into fantasy landscape. Important fact to highlight is that the place is never staged; however it is always in its natural-found condition. Secondly, the appropriate dress, accessories, entire appearance, pose and mood have to be chosen. Finally, there is another aspect of composing the eventual shoot and also managing the right angels and camera settings. With the help of tripod or an assistant is the picture taken and consequently edited. Although the picture is taken, it is not t he end of a process at all. Certainly, it can be said that my work is process based. The other side of the coin is, however, that it can also be argued that it is based on digital manipulation of an image. Nevertheless, the manipulation consists of changing colours slightly and sometimes it consists of the use of mirror effect. These arguments suggest that the work is processed based where the digital manipulation of image is becoming a part of the process.

Cathedral Essay -- essays research papers

The protagonist in â€Å"Cathedral,† Bub, is a man who has several defining characteristics. Bub is insecure, insensitive, and ignorant. This is clearly shown in Bub’s relationships with his wife and Robert. Bub’s insecurities are blatantly shown when he comments on his wife’s ex-husband: Her officer-why should be have a name? He was her childhood sweetheart, and what more does he want? Bub resents the ex-husband for being his wife’s first love. He would have liked to have had that role so he negatively addresses his wife’s past relationships. Bub’s unconfident mannerisms further transpire when he comments on his wife’s relationship with Robert. He states: In time she put it all on tape and sent the tape to the blind man. Over the years she put all kinds of stuff on tapes and sent the tapes off lickety-split. Next to writing a poem every year, I think it was her chief recreation. On the tape, she told the blind man she’d decided to live away from her officer for a time. On another tape she told him about her divorce. She and I began going out, and of course she told her blind man about it. She told him everything, or so it seemed to me. This intense friendship between his wife and Robert further exacerbated his insecurities. Robert and his wife have an intimate relationship that Bub has never, and probably will never, have with his wife. He goes on to say: My wife finally took her eyes off the blind man and looked at me. I had the feelings she didn’t like what she saw. I shrugged. This relationship offers Bub only one consolation, he believes that because he can see that has an advantage. He constantly refers to Robert as â€Å"the blind man.† He never uses Robert’s name or assigns any human attributes to him. This insecurity is partially responsible for his wife’s continued involvement with Robert.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also responsible for his wife’s close relationship with Robert is Bub’s inability to feel. He exhibits a great lack of emotional depth. Bub comments on Robert’s marriage: They’d married, lived and worked together, slept together-had sex, sure- and then the blind man had to bury her. All this without having never seen what the goddamned woman looked like. He has no feelings of sympathy for the loss of Robert’s wife. Bub goes on to comment about his wife telling him exactly happened to Robert’s wife. He says, â€Å"My wife filled me in w... ...s his freedom from his sheltered and close-minded life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The overall themes of the story were alienation and loneliness. The main characters experience, and have experienced alienation and loneliness. Bub is discontented in his work, envious of his wife, and isolated from other human beings and also from himself. Because of this, Bub resents his wife’s connections with other people. Keening this in mind, Bub makes no effort to correct this problem. When Robert arrives he makes to attempt to engage him in conversation. He prefers to remain cut off and observe. As the conversation breaks, Bub turns on the television, which is not only extremely impolite, but one that offers proof of Bub’s detachment with his wife and her friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story demonstrates an interesting sort of irony. The disability that Bub condemned and presupposed was in fact a handicap that he had himself. He was emotionally blind. Robert assisted Bub in overcoming those traits that were keeping him from experiencing the most wonderful things in life. This freed Bub from his insecurities, ignorance, and insensitivities. He was then capable of truly seeing.

Coping with Corruption in Trading with China

CASE 2-5 Coping with Corruption in Trading with China Corruption is on the rise in China, where the country’s press frequently has detailed cases of corruption and of campaigns to crack down on it. The articles primarily have focused on domestic economic crimes among Chinese citizens, and on local of? cials who have been ? red or assessed other penalties. Indeed, China has been rated by Transparency International as number 59 of the 102 countries the German organization rates on its â€Å"Corruption Perception Index. †1 Finland is rated the least corrupt at number 1, the United States at 16, and Bangladesh the most corrupt at number 102.Corruption’s long arm now is reaching out to touch China’s foreign business community. Traders, trade consultants, and analysts have said that foreign ? rms are vulnerable to a variety of corrupt practices. Although some of these ? rms said they had no experience with corruption in the People’s Republic of China (PRC ), the majority said they increasingly were asked to make payments to improve business, engage in black-market trade of import and export licenses, bribe of? cials to push goods through customs or the Commodity Inspection Bureau, or engage in collusion to beat the system.The Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption reports that outright bribes as well as gifts or payment to establish guanxi, or â€Å"connections,† average 3 to 5 percent of operating costs in the PRC, or $3 billion to $5 billion of the $100 billion of foreign investments that have been made there. The most common corrupt practices confronting foreign companies in China are examined here. ANGLING FOR CASH MNCs also are asked sometimes to sponsor overseas education for children of trading of? cials. One person told a Chinese source that an MNC paid for that individual’s U.S. $1,500-a-month apartment, as well as a car, university education, and expenses. Firms ? nd direct requests for cash payme nts—undeniably illegal—the most dif? cult. One well-placed source said that a major trader, eager for buyers in the face of an international market glut, had fallen into regularly paying large kickbacks into the Honduran, U. S. , and Swiss accounts of of? cials at a PRC foreign trade corporation. Refusing to make payments may not only hurt sales, it can also be terrifying. A U. S. ?rm was one of several bidders for a large sale; a Chinese of? ial demanded the MNC pay a 3 percent kickback. When the company representative refused, the of? cial threatened: â€Å"You had better not say anything about this. You still have to do business in China, and stay in hotels here. † Not surprisingly, the U. S. company lost the deal. Traders of certain commodities may be tempted to purchase on the black market those import and export licenses that are dif? cult to obtain legally. A fairly disorganized underground market, for instance, exists for licenses to export China-made ga rments to the United States.Some branches of the Commodity Inspection Bureau (CIB) also have posed problems for some traders. Abuses have emerged in the CIB since it started inspecting imports in 1987. A Japanese company, for instance, informed CIB of? cials of its intention to bring heavy industrial items into China—items that had met Japanese and U. S. standards. The of? cials responded that they planned to dismantle the products on arrival for inspection purposes. The problem was resolved only after the ? rm invited the of? cials to visit Japan. Some traders get around such problems by purchasing inspection certi? ates on the black market. According to press accounts, these forms, complete with signatures and seals, can be bought for roughly U. S. $200. Some claim that, for the appropriate compensation, customs of? cials in a southern province are very willing to reduce the dutiable value of imports as much as 50 percent. Because the savings can far exceed transport costs, some imports that would logically enter China through a northern port are redirected through the southern province. PAYING TO IMPROVE BUSINESS Foreign traders make several types of payments to facilitate sales in China.The most common methods used are trips abroad. Chinese of? cials, who rarely have a chance to visit overseas, often prefer foreign travel to cash or gifts. (This was especially true when few PRC of? cials had been abroad. ) As a result, traders report that dangling foreign trips in front of their PRC clients has become a regular part of negotiating large trade deals that involve products with a technological component. â€Å"Foreign travel is always the ? rst inducement we offer,† said an executive involved in machinery trade. In most cases, traders built these costs into the product’s sale price.Some trips are â€Å"reasonable and bona ? de expenditures directly related to the promotion, demonstration, or explanation of products and services, or the e xecution of a contract with a foreign government agency. † But other trips, when of? cials on foreign junkets are offered large per diems and aren’t invited speci? cally to gain technical knowledge, may be another matter. Foreign travel isn’t always an inducement—it also can be extorted. In one case, a PRC bank branch refused to issue a letter of credit for a machinery import deal. The Chinese customer suggested that the foreign trader invite the bank of? ial on an overseas inspection tour. Once the invitation was extended, the bank issued the letter of credit. QUESTIONS 1. List all the different types of bribes, payments, or favors represented in this case and say why each is either legal or illegal. 2. For those practices that you say are illegal, classify each as lubrication, extortion, or subornation, and tell why. 3. Which of the payments, favors, or bribes are illegal under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)? 4. Assuming that the FCPA did not e xist, what is the ethical response to each of the payments, favors, or bribes you have See www. transparency. org for more details about their 2002 index. 572 Cases 2 The Cultural Environment of Global Markets you think bribery will become less prevalent in markets like China? 573 identi? ed? Read the section titled â€Å"Ethically and Socially Responsible Decisions† in Chapter 3 as a guide to assist you in your decision. 5. Now that the OECD has approved an FCPA-like treaty to ban commercial bribery by ? rms in member countries, do 6. List alternatives to paying bribes in international markets and discuss the pluses and minuses of each.

Pros and Cons of Planting Mimosa in Your Yard

Pro's and Con's of Planting Mimosa in Your Yard Albizia julibrissin, also called silk tree, was introduced into North America from China where it is a native species. The tree along with its  silk-like flower arrived in North America in 1745 and was rapidly planted  and cultivated for use as an ornamental. Mimosa is still planted as an ornamental because of its fragrant and showy flowers but has escaped into the forest and now considered an invasive exotic.  Mimosas ability to grow and reproduce along roadways and disturbed areas and to establish after escaping from cultivation is a major problem.  Mimosa is considered an exotic invasive tree. The Beautiful  Mimosa Flower and Leaf Silk tree has showy and fragrant pink flowers that are just over an inch long. These lovely pink flowers resemble pompoms, all of which are arranged in panicles at the ends of branches. These beautiful flowers appear in abundance from late April to early July creating a spectacular sight that enhances its popularity. These flowers are the perfect color  pink, they have a pleasant fragrance and are very attractive during  spring and summer flowering. They can also be a mess on property under the tree. The abundant  fern-like leaf also adds a bit of magic and is unlike many, if any, of the North American native trees. These unique leaves make Mimosa popular to use as a terrace or patio tree for its light-filtering effect with dappled shade and a tropical effect. Its deciduous (loses its leaves when dormant) nature allows the sun to warm during cold winters. These leaves are finely divided, 5-8 inches long by about 3-4 inches wide, and alternate along the stems. Growing Mimosa Mimosa grows best in full sun locations and is not peculiar to any particular soil type. It does have a low  tolerance for salt and grows well in acid or alkaline soil. Mimosa is drought tolerant but will have a deeper green color and more lush appearance when given adequate moisture. The tree lives on dry-to-wet sites and tends to spread along stream banks. It prefers open conditions but can persist in the shade. You will seldom find the tree in forests with full canopy cover, or at higher elevations where cold hardiness is a limiting factor.   Why You Should Not Plant Mimosa Mimosa is short lived and very messy. It, in a very short time, shades large areas in the landscape which inhibit  sun-loving shrubs and grasses. Seed pods litter both the tree and the ground, and the tree is considered an invasive species in  North America. The seeds readily germinate and seedlings can cover your lawn and the surrounding area.  The mimosa flower, to be honest, is beautiful but if the tree is shading outside property or over automobiles, you will have a major annual cleaning problem through the flowering season. The wood of mimosa is very brittle and weak and the multiple spreading branches are prone to breakage. This breakage is a major factor in its limited ability to live a long life. In addition to the breakage, the tree attracts webworm and vascular wilt which leads to an early demise. Typically, most of the root system grows from only two or three large-diameter roots originating at the base of the trunk. These can raise walks and patios as they grow in diameter and make for poor transplanting success as the tree grows larger. Redeeming Features Mimosa is a handsome tree with beautiful silk-like flowers.Mimosa is tolerant of drought and alkaline soils.

Chappaquiddick essays

Chappaquiddick essays Chappaquiddick, when will the truth be told? On the night of 18/19 July 1969, twelve people attended a no-spouces party (Meyer Macon Morehouse et al.) on Chappaquiddick, a small island off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Two of the partygoers fell victim to a continuous deception. Mary Jo Kopechne who would have not lost her life but for the inexcusable misconduct of Ted Kennedy. The other partygoer, Senator Ted Kennedy, lost his chance of ever reaching the White House due to his web of lies. Bobby Kennedy's Presidential campaign had been ably assisted by the "Boiler room girls". A team of young women who were completely dedicated to the Kennedy cause. They were: Mary Jo Kopechne, Rosemary Keough, Nance Lyons, Mary Ellen Lyons, Susan Tannenbaum and Ester Newburgh. More than just secretaries, the girls' commitment made their role vital to the campaign. In June of 1968 Bobby was assassinated and grief overwhelmed the Kennedy family and the Boiler room girls. It had not even been five years since the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Almost every summer, members of the Kennedy family had traveled to Martha's Vineyard to participate in the Edgartown regatta. 1968 would to be an exception. Bobby's murder was a massive blow to the family and those close to them, but in particular to Ted. The Boiler room girls switched their attention to closing up Bobby's files and his campaign office. A keen sailor, Ted would participate in the regatta aboard a boat that once belonged to his brother Jack (McGinniss 534). Also participating was Ross Richards a personal friend of Teds (McGinniss 535), later to be an important witness in the Chappaquiddick plot. Robert Kennedy's son, Joe, was also on the island. As a thank-you for all their hard work on Bobby's Presidential campaign, a party had been planned to which the Boiler room girls were invited. (Oppenheimer 375) The party was to be at a cottage, also ...

Business Process Reengineering The WritePass Journal

Business Process Reengineering   INTRODUCTION: Business Process Reengineering   INTRODUCTION:ROLE OF IS/IT IN BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:IMPLEMENTAION OF IS/IT ON TOYOTA UNDER THE BPR:RECOMMENDATION:Related   INTRODUCTION: Business process reengineering concepts comes from management theories and introduce in 18th century. The purpose of business process reengineering is to make the business in best condition. Frederick Taylor says in (1880s) the companies use the reengineering process to make the business in best position and to achieve the company goals. Business process reengineering means not only change but structural change. What kind of structural change in the organization, managing system, employee responsibilities, reward system, and information technology. Many organizations want to change the management of the organization but they not identified which part of work is to be changed. But the business process of reengineering (BPR) is the concept of management and that has been formed by practical experience. (BPR) is not only impact inside the organization but also the external supplier and customer as well. (BPR)   is help to increase the organization financial report and customer satisfa ction and also find out the way how to create the high productivity with the short amount [Radhakrishnan.R, 2008]. The key driver of the (BPR) is cost reduction, high speed, and quality. Information technology is a technology which use to store, determine and process the data which use in the specific organizations to examine the data and processed the data. And through the information we improve our knowledge and know how to do the work. The information system develops a strategic approach to change the process. For example through reengineering process we provide a wide range of company product online the customers are buying our product with the help of information system. So that is not possible without information system. Information technology is the component of the (BPR) and promotes the companies process. [Hammer and Champy (1993)] say reengineering about innovation. It is help to solve the company entire objectives. ROLE OF IS/IT IN BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BPR is the much biggest issue for IS executive in 1990s (Moad, 1994). BPR shows the power of the information system and information technology to the decision making because through the information system and information technology the BPR reach the effective position. So the BPR success is based on information system and information technology. The role of IS in the organization is to make the effective strategy according to the business requirement. No other systems change the business such as the information system because the information system put right system on right place. The information is the key of an organization (Byrne, 1992) the IS measure the process and performance of an organization. The good information makes the better position of an organization. By using the customer strategy the IS gets the information out of the organization how the product of the company is running through the market and implement the IS to reduce the time to market. The information system has must be able to vision the information technology in the organization future. BPR is not adopting the new system but also create those system they effect the whole organization (Teer et al, 1994 Moad, 1993). Firstly focus on the business process not on information and then apply the IT tools on those processes. To adopting these steps the IS expert provide the understanding of the information and technology in the business processes. The IS professional have play an important role in the business process reengineering. For example when the California state affiliate of American Automobile Association (CASS) stated the reengineering process the internal IS system was very bad in initial stage they cannot deliver company product on time. The information technology system is good but the IS system is not good. So the CASS identified the problem and solved it. When they removed the IS department error the company come on boom stage. So the result is that when your IS/IT fulfill the requirement then the company comes to upward. The IS/IT are the key of business process reengineering. When the IS and IT department are work effectively then the BPR make the better company position. The relationship between IS/IT in the BPR is to change the process and identifying, evaluating, and implementing the business strategies. If the business is in dog situation the role of BPR is to remove the barrier. The BPR has overcome on these barrier through IS/IT because if the IS system is working bad than the business goes to downwards so the IS system is effective than the business in good position. How we can make the IS/IT system better. The delivery system of the company is based on the IS system so when the company collect the information form there customer what they want and than the company makes the strategy according to the customer requirement. So the company does all the process under the IS system we can say these are all the component of the IS system. IS system are supporting to regenerate the business process and also analyze the existing assets. A large number of manager are adopt the business process reengineering under the IS/IT system to getting the competit ive advantages and also provide effective service to their customers. Willcocks says the IS/IT is the most critical factors of the business process reengineering. These systems are cross the different stages and than identifying the problem and how the previous system works with the project and also collect the information for the reengineering process.                                                                                                                                            Ã‚   IMPLEMENTAION OF IS/IT ON TOYOTA UNDER THE BPR:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The information system of the Toyota company is been evaluated by SOWT analysis. The Toyota Company achieved the goals globally by using the information system. The Toyota company reach to there customer by using the different website worldwide. These are website based on IS system the IS system work effectively that why Toyota is the world biggest company. For example Toyota reach to there customer through the website there are many website and system in each world regions, north America, Europe etc. The IS department firstly gather the information from there customer what type of the goods they needed than according to the customer requirement the Toyota produce the goods. The Toyota company has develop new opportunity which is transport system and the company develop this system through the IS system because the information system is one of the best key to develop that system. Toyota collect the information from t here customer and the other companies as well. That is the marvelous opportunity for the Toyota Company because the Toyota increase there customer on the base of previous customer. The IS system and networking is the key which helps the Toyota Company success. The Toyota Company have no off competitors like as Honda, Ford, Chevrolet, etc. In this competition the Toyota Company is on boom stage because effective IS system. One of the best of the IS system is the Toyota new Hybrid Synergy drive. When the automotive industry is fall in high gasoline crude oil costs, the Toyota develop a new computerized engine system which is HSD. The Toyota introduce that system in there new models cars like Camry, prius which is available in the market. Toyota makes that possible by using the Porters models for the threat of same product. Some other companies copied the Toyota HSD and entered in the market like Nissan, Honda introduce similar technology in there sedan model but the Toyota is super ho t in the market because the Nissan and Honda have not good impact in the market yet. So the Toyota has highest impact in the market through IS system. Toyota Company has got profit on he behalf of Porters five forces because the companies share increase through the porter’s model. By using the HSD the company gets competitive advantages. Toyota HSD has sufficiently maintained their advantages and covers the market. These are all factor makes the Toyota success and gain the competitive advantages by using the information system. Because the information system is major key of the success so the Toyota maintains his information system and get the success. In 2008 the Toyota introduce service the name of that is TOYOTA METAPOLIS, on that service the Toyota created 3-d cars to inspire the people. In 2002 the Toyota introduce a new service in Japan the name of G-BOOK telematics service and in August 2005 Toyota introduce G-Link service for Lexus. And also introduce the theft detection service, tracking service for the G-BOOK and G-link user that are using there vehicles. So the Toyota has done all these step with the help of infor mation technology when the IT system is doing excellent job than the company did not went to downward. In 2007 Toyota bring the mX system in the market for there user and that service is use for getting direction that is the world first technology for auto update the map. In March 2004 the Toyota introduce the CRM (customer relationship management) the information technology develop service to their customer such as provide the information of new vehicles, time for the maintain the vehicle, etc. when the company provide these services to their customer the customer touch with the company gets the more customer on the behalf of previous customers satisfaction. So that is possible when the information technology work effectively. Toyota IT system play very important role in the success of the company. Toyota currently builds up CRM in countries including China, Thailand and Australia where the company want to increase the market share. In 1980s the carmaker was introduce aided design system for designing the part on computer not on paper. Toyota adopt that system the designer of new CAD system firstly asked where we use that particular system where we need that and also what are the requirement, what are the options the designer ask such question for the effective use of the information technology. For example when they analyze the die stamp that is out of parts the die stamp not fulfills the model requirement and than they design best dies on the computer. When the die design completes the Toyota use simple solution take the basic point which is shown on the color diagram. The die designer worked on experience based examined the diagram and made the particular parts. As their competitors adopt that CAD system Toyota maintain it through their engineers and suppliers. Toyota updates that system day by day and its work effectively. After two year the Toyota shifts that system into the CATIA (Computer-Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) a world class s ystem. Toyota was very slow implementing that system into the development process, because at the time when the Toyota implement that system the Ford automaker quickly adopt that system and introduced into the market but Ford industry have not effective CATIA system and spending million to adopt that system and confuse the people. After the Ford system failure that the Toyota introduces the CATIA system in the market and gets boots sale from the market, because Toyota put lot of attention to make that system. So the result is that the Toyota information technology system works very well if Toyota has not effective IT system than the company could not come to that point or stage. Toyota Company continuously work on CATIA system by using the effective software and effective engineers when the Toyota introduced the first CAS software in 1980s and within the next 12 months Toyota developed new vehicle. That are all possible when your have advance IT system by using the IT Toyota been su ccessful form 1980s. For example the instruments are done digitally in three dimensions. Toyota used this method in the vehicle design because the engineers kept the list of good and bad characteristics of design and these aspects saved electronically. There is also keeping the data in the assembly plant for the designing purpose. Through these design the engineers check the past problem and assembled the perfect car. So the IT helps to assemble the actual auto vehicle without the errors.   So the result is that the Toyota did not adopt the weak and poor development process and also use the most effective IT system. Toyota will take the effective development system which is based on trained engineers and leaders and surgically inserted information technology. Today Toyota is alive on the behalf of IS/IT system because these are the basic keys of the Toyota company success. RECOMMENDATION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota auto vehicle share the information with the other companies such as Ford, Nissan etc. That’s not good for Toyota company success when companies share the information with the other companies the companies has to use that information and developed new vehicle and introduced into the market. So that is the drawback of the Toyota Company to share the information with the others. This is the most difficult process to collect the information form the customer or other people what they want. After that the company put that information

Critical Analysis Essay about economic issue Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Critical Analysis about economic issue - Essay Example Although the time is still unclear, if current impressive growths of the Chinese Economy continue for the unforeseeable future, there is no doubt that the Chinese economy will be the largest in the World (Finn, 43). The World Bank statistics compared the economies of the US and China in 2012 using nominal GDP figures. In 2012, the World Bank valued the US economy at $16 trillion. On the other hand, it estimated the Chinese economy at $8 trillion, half the size of the US economy (Finn, 43). Some economists used these statistics to conclude that the China will not be in a position to overtake the US as the largest economy in the world. However, these estimates may be misleading, as they do not take into account the fluctuations of the exchange rates. To compare these two economies by nominal GDP size, analysts must convert the size of the Chinese economy from Yuan to dollars using the market exchange rates. As a result, this method ignores the fluctuation of the Yuan to the US dollars. In addition, the US treasury and some economists believe that China undervalues its currency to improve its competitive advantage in international trade. Currency devaluation makes a country’s exports cheaper, while imports become expensive. This encourages exports while discouraging imports therefore, creating a positive balance of trade. If indeed the China undervalues its currency, it follows that estimating its size using the US dollars will considerably understate the size of its economy. As a result, the Chinese economy may be larger than nominal GDP figures estimate. Besides devaluing a currency by, for instance 10%, does not portend a decline in the economy by 10%. National Intelligence Council (16) states that a better way to compare the size of the Chinese and US economies is by the use of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP rates consider the different costs of goods in various countries.

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) Essay

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) - Essay Example This site presents a very professional approach to tackle emergencies as H1N1 flu outbreak and has an excellent video posted on the site on H1N1 prevention by Dr Mark Horton, Director of California Department of Public Health. This site has separate and easily detectable and dedicated links for immunization for children and adults. The information provided in these links is also easily intelligible to all cross sections of the society. In conformity with The Government Modernization, Efficiency, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2005, this site also posts information about all proposed regulations, administrative proceedings, meetings, hearings and clearly explains how the public can participate and comment on all such issues. The mission of this department is to work in partnership with the community to ensure that optimal health and well being of all people is achieved. The department also recognizes that residents are more than mere consumers of public health services and is thus committed to collaborating with medical service providers, County departments, City agencies, community-based organizations, schools, civic groups, foundations, religious organizations, families to address myriad health and safety issues impacting individuals and populations in our county. Such an inclusive approach most surely echoes the IOM definition of public health. Vaccination and immunization schedules are easily available in several languages in this website. Such a multilingual dissemination of crucial and relevant information is most surely a welcome departure from routine procedure of government departments. This website has a separate page dedicated to data, reports and Public Health statistics useful for residents, clinicians, community-based organizations, grant writers, school districts, policy makers and academia. Though the mission statement echoes sentiments

Higher education policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Higher education policies - Essay Example Thus, this paper will specifically focus on the policies of higher education system of one of the countries of the African continent, South Africa. In particular, the paper will focus on the process of policies development in South African higher education system while discussing the responses of higher education institutions regarding the alterations in the mode of curricula after policy developments in the country. Lastly, the researcher will put efforts to conclude the paper while proposing some recommendations that will be beneficial for the higher education system in the coming years. In addition, it is anticipation that such discussion and deliberation on higher education system of South Africa and its process of education policies formation will enlighten readers with differences in the policy formulation and its implementation in real scenarios. Furthermore, this paper will provide critical observations that will enable the experts in prioritise future educational policies Analysis of the literature (Johnson, 1996) has indicated that since beginning, public institutions have been dominating the higher education system in South Africa; however, since a decade, there has been an increment in the number of private institutions, an indication of successful policy alteration implementation. Moreover, there have been reports (Bitzer, 2009) of private-public partnerships as well in the same sector that points toward the growth of the higher education system. In particular, besides public institutions, according to the statistics of the year 2004, private educational institutions had approximately eighty-five thousand students in different academic programs all over the country (Bitzer, 2009). In addition, foreign educational institutions have also begun to operate in South African that is another indication of success in the policy

Precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Precis - Essay Example This article throws light on a critical issue of which I had very little knowledge earlier. It opened my eyes to the negative side of globalization that basically triggered deforestation of the Amazon. Though the author has partially blamed the local people that are involved in logging and cattle ranching; but in my opinion, the government is solely responsible for not keeping its laws strict enough for people to avoid committing environmental crimes. The government has introduced Plano Amazonia to develop the Amazon forests which would further increase the rate of deforestation. Loggers and cattle farmers work together and keep moving the agricultural frontier upwards after having deforested some parts of the Amazon. At the cost of deforestation, Brazil has become the largest beef exporter in the whole world. With the efforts of environmentalists, the big exporters of soya bean and beef have pledged not to buy from growers in the Amazon, which is commendable and would save the Amazo n forests to a great deal. The congress has approved a land reform bill that claims to end illegal farming and environmental crimes but environmentalists are wary of it. Illegal land holdings are prevalent in the Amazon. The new law aims to introduce land regularization and eventually stop deforestation but it is very difficult for the weak Brazilian state to enforce it. Environmentalists have proposed commercializing the products of the forests, which would benefit the local people as well. Amazon fund have been set up by the Brazilian government and many countries, the UN and private companies shall donate to put an end to deforestation. Building roads through the forests to connect far off areas is essential for economic development, despite the effect that it would contribute to deforestation. Efforts are underway to preserve the forests as a

Economic arguments for further enlargement of the EU Essay

Economic arguments for further enlargement of the EU - Essay Example The paper tells that the enlargement of the EU is one of the most debated topics presented to relevant councils. When the European Union was first formed in 1952 there were only six member countries. Today, there are 27 member countries in the European Union, and this number is scheduled to be increased in 2013. The European Union has been inducting newer countries into its council on an irregular basis since 1952, after subjecting applicant countries through a long process requiring pre-accession treaties, assessment conditions and a set of criteria – the Copenhagen criteria – that must be met before membership is granted. The process can take a number of years and after the induction of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, Croatia is set to become a member of the EU in June 2013. Other countries like Turkey, Iceland, and the Western Balkans are in accession negotiations to follow suit. Membership generally offers great benefits to member countries, particularly those struggl ing to make the move from being developing nations to being developed ones. The European Union provides an economic and political support that smaller countries, or at least countries with smaller economies, can use to enhance their global standing, both within and outside Europe. But what is the impact that this expansion has, whether on the currently existing members of the European Union, the European Union as a whole, or even, in fact, Europe in general? Surely there must be certain economic and political impact such a membership must have, and economic advantage is generally gained at the expense of another party’s disadvantage. While that may be true, and in fact is to a certain point, it is not quite as limited as that. The results of many surveys, reports, and inquests have shown that the general perception among Europe’s public seems to be that membership offers great benefits to newer members while offering little to no benefit to older members. This percepti on might not be in the majority – with statistics varying from country to country – there is no doubt that it is a sizable portion of the public, any country or sample considered. Evidence supporting this matter is given further in the report, built generally upon information provided by the British Parliament in 2006. As negative as general perception might be, however, expansion has always shown to result in positive economic and political impact. This is true of any series of expansion, but this report will particularly center its focus on countries inducted in 2004, as they have had sufficient time to determine the effect of membership on their economy, as well as the impact of their membership on the European Union members in general. In fact, not only are the arguments brought forth against expansion generally baseless, with little evidence to support their claim, inverse evidence shows that economic arguments supporting the expansion of the European Union are la rgely misunderstood, or otherwise overlooked.

The Great Economic Depression Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Great Economic Depression - Term Paper Example The Great Economic Depression Indeed, the stock market crashed, the economy eventually collapsed and the U.S was marred by a long spell of economic depression. This paper analyzes the major causes of the Great Depression, and the reasons why it lasted so long. The Great Economic Depression Introduction The Great depression of the 1930 is one of the darkest moments in the economic history of the United States. It was characterized by a crash of the stock market, collapse of the economy, which eventually escalated into a prolonged period of economic depression. The Great Depression caused enormous of hardships to millions of people and resulted to the collapse of a large fraction of the country’s banks, farms and businesses. Besides many other long-term causes which developed prior to the depression such as bank failures, decline in spending and the drought conditions, the stock market crash of October 1929 is perceived as the immediate cause of the Great Depression. The crash of the stock market The crash o f the stock market in October 1929 has been believed to be the major spark that marked the onset of the Great Depression. Initially, the stock market thrived through the 1920’s. The more it grew, the more people invested their money into it. Nonetheless, on Tuesday October 29, 1929, otherwise known as the Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed (Bernanke 16). Within two month after the crash of the stock market, stockholders had lost over $40 billion.... Bank failures The other major factor that contributed to the onset of Great Depression is the bank failures. Prior to the depression, many banks, especially in the rural areas had overextended their loans to farmers, most of who could not repay. Conversely, most big banks had overextended their credit to foreign countries in the aftermath of the First World War. As times became tougher, most of the banks halted their lending and many debtors defaulted on their outstanding loans. Consequently, many banks went bankrupt. Be that as it may, more than 9000 banks in the United States had collapsed by the end of the 1930’s (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 28). As a result many people lost their savings as most of the bank deposits were uninsured. As the Great Depression continued to hit even harder, more and more banks were forced out of business due to bankruptcy. In addition, the few surviving banks were worried and became more concerned with their ability to continue running. As a resul t, most of them became reluctant to offer new loans. This aggravated the situation as it led to less expenditure. Thus, the increased closing of banks and the panics by the surviving banks almost completely shut down the banking system of the United States. Decline in spending Scores of economists have attributed the onset of the Great Depression to a decline in spending. This is based on huge decline in output and prices during the Great Depression. An adverse demand shock leads to a reduction in aggregate demand for goods and services at a given price. As a result of the stock market crash and increased fears regarding the future economic problems, many people stopped purchasing goods and services. This

Precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Precis - Essay Example This article throws light on a critical issue of which I had very little knowledge earlier. It opened my eyes to the negative side of globalization that basically triggered deforestation of the Amazon. Though the author has partially blamed the local people that are involved in logging and cattle ranching; but in my opinion, the government is solely responsible for not keeping its laws strict enough for people to avoid committing environmental crimes. The government has introduced Plano Amazonia to develop the Amazon forests which would further increase the rate of deforestation. Loggers and cattle farmers work together and keep moving the agricultural frontier upwards after having deforested some parts of the Amazon. At the cost of deforestation, Brazil has become the largest beef exporter in the whole world. With the efforts of environmentalists, the big exporters of soya bean and beef have pledged not to buy from growers in the Amazon, which is commendable and would save the Amazo n forests to a great deal. The congress has approved a land reform bill that claims to end illegal farming and environmental crimes but environmentalists are wary of it. Illegal land holdings are prevalent in the Amazon. The new law aims to introduce land regularization and eventually stop deforestation but it is very difficult for the weak Brazilian state to enforce it. Environmentalists have proposed commercializing the products of the forests, which would benefit the local people as well. Amazon fund have been set up by the Brazilian government and many countries, the UN and private companies shall donate to put an end to deforestation. Building roads through the forests to connect far off areas is essential for economic development, despite the effect that it would contribute to deforestation. Efforts are underway to preserve the forests as a

The Great Economic Depression Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Great Economic Depression - Term Paper Example The Great Economic Depression Indeed, the stock market crashed, the economy eventually collapsed and the U.S was marred by a long spell of economic depression. This paper analyzes the major causes of the Great Depression, and the reasons why it lasted so long. The Great Economic Depression Introduction The Great depression of the 1930 is one of the darkest moments in the economic history of the United States. It was characterized by a crash of the stock market, collapse of the economy, which eventually escalated into a prolonged period of economic depression. The Great Depression caused enormous of hardships to millions of people and resulted to the collapse of a large fraction of the country’s banks, farms and businesses. Besides many other long-term causes which developed prior to the depression such as bank failures, decline in spending and the drought conditions, the stock market crash of October 1929 is perceived as the immediate cause of the Great Depression. The crash of the stock market The crash o f the stock market in October 1929 has been believed to be the major spark that marked the onset of the Great Depression. Initially, the stock market thrived through the 1920’s. The more it grew, the more people invested their money into it. Nonetheless, on Tuesday October 29, 1929, otherwise known as the Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed (Bernanke 16). Within two month after the crash of the stock market, stockholders had lost over $40 billion.... Bank failures The other major factor that contributed to the onset of Great Depression is the bank failures. Prior to the depression, many banks, especially in the rural areas had overextended their loans to farmers, most of who could not repay. Conversely, most big banks had overextended their credit to foreign countries in the aftermath of the First World War. As times became tougher, most of the banks halted their lending and many debtors defaulted on their outstanding loans. Consequently, many banks went bankrupt. Be that as it may, more than 9000 banks in the United States had collapsed by the end of the 1930’s (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 28). As a result many people lost their savings as most of the bank deposits were uninsured. As the Great Depression continued to hit even harder, more and more banks were forced out of business due to bankruptcy. In addition, the few surviving banks were worried and became more concerned with their ability to continue running. As a resul t, most of them became reluctant to offer new loans. This aggravated the situation as it led to less expenditure. Thus, the increased closing of banks and the panics by the surviving banks almost completely shut down the banking system of the United States. Decline in spending Scores of economists have attributed the onset of the Great Depression to a decline in spending. This is based on huge decline in output and prices during the Great Depression. An adverse demand shock leads to a reduction in aggregate demand for goods and services at a given price. As a result of the stock market crash and increased fears regarding the future economic problems, many people stopped purchasing goods and services. This

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay Example for Free

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay The first article discusses the overall Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people; and Building a Foundation for a better understanding. In this article you will find accompanying research on the generally health status of the LGBT community. A condition in order to review existing research on sexual-gender-minority health, this article presents research encounters accompanying with this particular study of LGBT populations. When research method along with data sources that would be used in the studding of these populaces and to determine the best overall reliable practice for directing this type of research on the health conditions on LGBT people, also finding a summary of key on research opportunities. With this topic the three overall important challenges are confronting the researchers attempt to gathering any type of effective and somewhat consistent data for describing the LGBT community and the basics on measuring their health. The first is defining the overall measures of sexual coordination and the gender distinctiveness. Next is overpowering the lack of enthusiasm from some LGBT individuals in order to identify themselves for the purposes of research. The third challenge is to obtain high-quality samples of relatively small populations. Although the â€Å"LGBT† acronym is generally applied to more or less lesbians, gay people, bisexual women and men, and also transgender people. These groups are pretty distinct and could also comprise with other subgroups based on ethnicity, race, age, geographic location, and other factors like socioeconomic status. These types of variations have been implicated for the purpose of health research, also including the need to capture sample sizes that are just large enough to help with the understanding of difference amongst certain subgroups. With the research method in all practical of each component the studies design has to be grounded on the deliberation of certain appearances of the people actuality studied, in order for the most actual method of the data received are to be  developed. When dealing with the LGBT studies the research needs to identify and choose the most effective methods to balance for the unique research that is explained above. Challenges with sampling requires careful precise of definition on the targeted population of its study. When you set up the target population be sure to set up as well the elements and what information is required overall and what limited estimates that would be required (ONM, 2001). Let just say for example, the targeted population is the LGBT in a particular state, geographic or the community area. If the supporters of this targeted populace are nominated into to a particular sample by random and unbiased mechanism and every individual within the target should have knowledge of being selected into this studies and the overall subsequent study model could be used to attraction implications and will simplify the target population, thus generating a â€Å"representative† of this targeted populace. Other items explain in this article are data collections using quantitative and Qualitative methods. In addition to choosing the most appropriate sampling frame that concerns major methodological concerns over the options of using quantitative and Qualitative methods. With research opportunity its beat that procedures need to be created for take full advantage of its usefulness obtainable data. I next article I came across was about Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice. It discusses how nursing is clearly becoming a bit more evolving towards a likable evidence-based practice regardless of the many obstacles that are processed. In today society trends are propelling around healthcare delivery system for the concentration on patient overall safety, its value, and overall distinction to create a managerial cultural within expectation for all teams members of healthcare. The landmark publications To Err is Human (Institute of Medicine, 2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (Institute of Medicine, 2001) have served as the impetus for all healthcare professionals to consider their practice patterns. The quest for Magnet designation has propelled nursing leaders to evaluate whether the care delivery models they use incorporate evidence-based practice, and there is integration of research and evidence-based practice in clinical and operational processes (Turkel, Reidinger, F erket, Reno, 2005). To embed these values among a nursing staff, clinical staff participation in the  process of nursing research is critical, as well as the use of evidence to drive nursing interventions (Clark, 2006). I have noted that the research generally process of methodical inquiry to create and develop acquaintance within a self-control or profession. I have also learned that research validates and refinances of existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). With nursing research priorities exists to provide a certain high quality of nursing care for any individual in need of any type of healthcare promotions, also health sustain along with health-restoring strategies. Is show’s how the overall consequence of this type of research activity for a typical nurse would be ultimately and put its knowledge increased to work along with its healthcare delivery! Something else I have found about research priorities is that; frequently set up by groups that will fund its research just to reassure nurse researchers and to possibly devote time and money within in those types of areas! Looking at its study designs tells the researcher how data would be collected. It’s noted that the researcher indicates a method founded on a question along with the current levels of knowledge about the issues at hand to be studied. The concept like caring, pain and unhappiness are of principal importance (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007); this design provides a dimension of understanding and adds to the traditional quantity method. For an overall general understanding Nurses of just about every level should really critically read these types of research journal articles. It also explains the types of levels and evidence that exists and it many forms. Perhaps you can see that the most obvious form would be the journal article that helps to describe a single research study. It states that certain subject has been extensively studied; other research articles with more information may also be wide-ranging as well. Previous to EBP, the readers were responsibly for original reports to evaluate and to agree if any of the supporting documentation could be used in a practice setting. References: http://phoenix.summon.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/search?s. q=business+problem+is+researched+using+a+qualitative+design+and+the+other+using+a+quantitative+design AAPOR (American Association for Public Opinion Research) Best practices. 2010. [October 22, 2010].https://www​.aapor.org/Best_Practices.htm. Aaron DJ, Chang YF, Markovic N, LaPorte RE. Estimating the lesbian population: A capture-recapture approach.Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 2003;57(3):207–209. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Almeida J, Johnson RM, Corliss HL, Molnar BE, Azrael D. Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth Adolescence. 2009;38(7):1001–1014.[PMC free article] [PubMed] Austin SB, Conron K, Patel A, Freedner N. Making sense of sexual orientation measures: Findings from a cognitive processing study with adolescents on health survey questions. Journal of LGBT Health Research. 2007;3(1):55–65.[PubMed] Clark, M. L. (2006). The Magnet Recognition Program and evidence-based practice. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 21, 186–189. Check Document Availability Bibliographic Links [Context Link] Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine(3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. [Context Link] Institute of Medicine. (Ed.). (2000). To err is human: Building a safer system.Washington, DC: National Academies Press. [Context Link] Institute of Medicine (Ed.). (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. [Context Link]

The Curriculum of Montessori

The Curriculum of Montessori As educators our role is to teach children through curriculum. Through the years many different types of curriculum have been created. Curriculum is defined as the learning programs, activities, school subjects, materials, plans, and topics of study (Arce). The Montessori Method was established over 100 yrs. ago and is still used in some form in todays class rooms. It is commonly associated with its popular child-size furniture in the classroom, but there is much more to Montessori Method as I will discuss detail later. The Montessori Method was created in Rome, Italy by Dr. Montessori in 1907. During this time period in the early 1900s the common age of children to start attending school was 6 yrs old. This age was determined based on the childs ability to walk and understand, or therefore deemed intelligent enough to go to school (Montessori, The Periods of Growth) . However, in the 1930s physiologists recognized that children become receptive to adult influences between the ages of 3-6 (Montessori, The Periods of Growth) . Just as it is known today children have a sensitive period for development and during this time it is more beneficial (Montessori, Education For Life) . The Montessori Method changed the focus then from how to teach children to meet the needs of the world, and focus on the child from their birth (Montessori, Education For Life). Under the Montessori Method the teachers task which was to the first thing to be done, therefore is to discover the true nature of a child and then assist him in his normal development (Arce). This is achieved through the different areas of learning; Practical Rife3 Life, Sensorial, Mathematics, Language and Literacy, Cultural Subjects, and Creative Subjects (ICME ). In most Montessori Schools the children are in vertical age groups 2 Â ½ years to 6 years, 6 to 9 years, 12 to 15 years, and 15 to 18 years (ICME ). The exercises of practical life teach the children the importance of maintaining a clean environment, cooking and the practical skills of buttoning, sewing, and lacing (ICME ). Next is the Sensorial, the education of the senses. This is considered to be one of more import lessons and is focused on children with special needs as well as typical children. The materials used are didactic materials and give special needs children opportunities to learn through the senses and it provokes auto-education in typical children (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). Exercises within this method include children learning to recognize the differences in dimensions by assorting various shapes and sizes of blocks (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). When a child selects the wrong size they are forced to correct it themselves. Once the child has accomplished this exercise with this specific material they then have outgrown it (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). The third area is Mathematics. The materials children use in mathematics are similar materials to that of which are used in sorting. In mathematics the materials are color coded rods, pegs and virtually anything that can be sorted or counted (Montessori, Teaching of Numeration; Introduction to Arithmetic ). The fourth area is language and literacy. In the Montessori curriculum the writing is focused on learning to draw lines and shapes that eventually lead to the children writing Rife4 (Montessori, Methods for the Teaching of Reading and Writing ) . Another exercise to teach writing skills involves the children tracing the letters through materials. One lesson I found fascinating was created for children to correct themselves by using sandpaper on the outside of the letter (Montessori, Description of the Method and Didactic Material Used ). In teaching children literacy they start with vowels and then constanants to teach letter recognition. The focus is on the sounds they make and pictures of object similar to the phonics system today (Montessori, Methods for the Teaching of Reading and Writing ). The fifth area is Cultural subjects. If you notice most Montessori schools are in environments with nature surroundings. Children are able to connect with nature by taking an active role in its care. The last area is Creative subjects which include arts and craft, drama, music and movement. In art children are encouraged to draw anything that pops into their minds. Looking at other creative materials, children are given the freedom to explore with clay and coloring materials. Music was another way for a child to express themselves. With the Montessori Method the children create their own instruments as well as music (Montessori, Education of the Senses ). In order for the Montessori Method to be effective in a classroom that encourages self-teaching and the freedom to move around the class and centers freely discipline is required. Self-discipline is taught to children through exercise, these exercises teach children instead of verbally commanding them to be quiet and still. Children learn these different actions by Rife5 sitting and getting up quietly, tip toeing and the use of objects quietly, and other exercises (Montessori, General Review of Discipline ). Montessori curriculum has advantages and disadvantage in comparisons to traditional classrooms. In a Montessori classrooms children are allowed and encouraged to experiment uninterrupted in centers for up to 3 hours opposed to a traditional classroom where the child sits at their seat a majority of the day and the teacher facilitates the lesson or they are only allowed an allotted time in centers. The teachers are to mainly observe the children and let them teach themselves and not force the child to learn. However, the disadvantages of Montessori curriculum are they dont follow traditional grade scales, but conduct evaluations throughout the school year (ICME ) . Lastly, the name Montessori isnt legally protected, so schools and the training they provide can vary and may not reflect Montessori Methods (International Montessori Index) . Regardless of the curriculum teachers choose it is still necessary for them adjust the curriculum to the needs of their students. Rife6

Jack Russel Terriers :: essays papers

Jack Russel Terriers The Jack Russel Terrier is an amazing little dog. The breed has been used for centuries; with it’s main purpose being Fox hunting. It was not discovered until recently, however, what great companions they make. There are many aspects of the breed one should take into consideration before a puppy is purchased. The aspects that will be discussed in this essay are: personality, overall appearance, and training as well. The Jack Russell Terrier is a breed which takes a lot of effort to own, but is very rewarding once a strong bond has been developed with the animal. Before choosing a puppy a potential owner should study what characteristics they want out their Terrier and also what to look for when making a decision on a puppy. The breed has a size range from 10-15 inches at the withers in the standard of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America and 12-14 inches in the American Kennel Club (AKC) standard. â€Å"It can have smooth, wiry, or broken coat. It is mostly white with black, tan, or brown markings† (Brown 35). There is also short and long legged varieties as well. There are many characteristics which make a dog â€Å"good† by the AKC and JRTCA. The dog must appear balanced and be in fit condition. Ears are moderately thick with the flap tipped forward towards the front of the skull. The chest is relatively shallow and narrow, giving an athletic appearance. The rear end provides power and propulsion, feet are cat-like with hard pads, and the high-set tail is docked to about four inches in length. Movement should be free, lively, and well-coordinated (Nicholas 42). Another important factor is the dogs bloodline, and if it is even certified. It is especially important if the potential owner cares to breed the dog that they take all these factors into consideration. It is much easier to find willing breeders when one owns an exceptional dog. One must remember though the dog’s characteristics and bloodline directly correlate to how expensive it is. Most owners, if asked, would not give up their Jack Russell for anything in the world, However, if asked in the first six months of ownership they would have given anything to get rid of it. The care and training of a Jack Russel Terrier are very important

Essay example --

The most common definition of sustainability is living in a way that meets the social, economic, and other requirements of the current population as well as ensuring the same requirements will be able to be met for future generations. Living sustainably is something that affects every person on the planet. The way we live now affects our lives today, as well as the future population. Some people believe that sustainability and living green will not matter to them as the effects of their actions will not manifest in their lifetime, but this assumption is incorrect. Currently two-thirds of the services provided to us by nature are declining, 85% of all fish stocks in the ocean are overexploited, depleted, recovering or fully exploited. There was a 38% increase in annual global carbon dioxide and it will take 50+ years for the ozone layer to get back to pre 1980 levels. Global warming is one example of long-term change in the environment that has been caused by humans. Other examples ar e the introduction of nonnative and invasive species, land development, and changes in water quantity and quality. Statistics according to the article Resilient People Resilient Planet. There is no guarantee that if people continue to live the way they are living, things will continue to be sustainable. However sustainability is not just about the environment, social and economic aspects are equally as important to creating a sustainable world. (Figure 1). In this paper I will explain what it means to live sustainably, why it is a problem, challenges and how humans can live more sustainably. The way people live now has detrimental effects on humans and the planet. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 800,000 people die prematu... ...t future generations can also live in. If humanity continues to disregard the planet and disappearing resources and live in an unsustainable way, people now and later will suffer. A conscious effort must be made by the entire world to make this important change. Developed nations, like America, and poor nations have especially difficult work to do. This is because consumption is a major driver of negative human impacts on the planet, these practices are especially motivated by extreme poverty and extreme wealth. People all over need to make a concentrated effort to change. Personal change will make an impact for the better, but government must be involved as well for a complete change to occur. If concentrated efforts are made to live more sustainably humankind will be able to make changes for the better to preserve the planet for themselves and future generations.

Probation officer Essay

Being a Probation Officer can be interesting and challenging at the same time. You can make a positive impact on one’s life. A Probation Officer’s main role is to make sure that those released into his care are properly rehabilitated and obey to the terms of their probation. The officer also educates those released on probation on what they can and can’t do during the probation period â€Å"Probation and parole can be very cost efficient. In 2010, Larry J. Siegel wrote a report stating that the U. S. spends about twenty five thousand dollars meanwhile probation only spends two thousand. The government saves twenty three thousand dollars by keeping inmates out of prison and keeps prisons from overcrowding. Dangerous criminals should be kept in prison instead of being let out and keeping minor offenders in. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to enter society with a different mindset. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to do such things as preserve employment, gain support and help from their loved ones and once again become a productive citizen. That can’t be done in jail. Most prisoners have drug addictions. Keeping them in doesn’t give them the help that they should be receiving. The offender being out and put on probation allows him to recover himself by taking part in a rehabilitation center. Cons: there is the issue of community safety. Many offenders present a risk to community safety, even if it’s because the person persists in the risky behaviors associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Setting any offender free poses somewhat of a risk, however slight. The courts, judges, defense and prosecuting attorneys and probation personnel weigh these risks and balance them with the best interests of the probationer and victim. Usually, probation personnel monitor high-risk offenders closely through home arrest or electronic monitoring. Then there is the problem of victim concerns. Victims vary widely as to their perspective and feelings regarding probation for their offenders. In some cases, they may quickly forgive the individual and even build a relationship with them. In other situations, they may petition the courts for harsh penalties. Probation allows the courts to monitor the defendant’s activities in the community while he works and repays any restitution that he or she owes his victims. Some victims, however, may care more about his punishment than reimbursement Many offenders need minimal rehabilitation in order to become productive members of society. Completing substance abuse treatment or community service hours can motivate offenders toward compliance with probation requirements. They can stay in the community; maintain family ties and work to contribute to their family. If these same offenders are sent to prison, they might become hardened and learn further criminal behavior, when they could have easily just remained supervised in society. Probation personnel can further monitor compliance with court terms and conditions. One of the primary reasons that traditional probation hasn’t been successful in rehabilitating offenders is much too often probationers are completely unsupervised. An offender on probation could simply fill out a one page report of their work activities and submit this to their probation officer by mail. Offenders that are part of traditional probation programs have a recidivism rate of 65%. That means only 35% of probationers don’t commit new offenses. Offenders are accommodated into halfway houses. This is where offenders have to follow strict rules like curfew. Counsellors and psychiatrists are on call 24 hours a day to help clients with adjusting to outside life and coping with problems if they occur. Probation officers have a large number of offenders and they have a difficult time supervising them closely. This is because there are not enough probation officers to supervise offenders properly. Probation officers have offenders mail in a form weekly or monthly and there is a checklist that an offender has to follow and answer, employment and any law infractions. Pros: Cons our stance we are on the pro side of both probation and parole, as we believe they can be greatly beneficial to both the community and the offenders whom are placed in these programs. Granted, not all cases are a success, but we believe that the criminal justice system would be a far worse place without probation and parole†. (Larry J. Siegel) A Probation Officer plays a key role in changing one’s ways that may not be suitable for the public’s view. The public sees these offenders as no good and thinks they should be removed from our communities and placed in confinement. Knowingly this may resolve the issue of one’s misbehavior for a short length of time but there are many more out their committing these same crimes. So what possibly should be done other than confining these offenders  for long or short periods of time, and in an eight by ten cell? Well, a rehabilitation program set up when the offenders is released. This rehabilitation program may also be enforced upon release from jail or prison depending on the offender’s circumstances. Rehabilitation comes in many different forms such as, drug and alcohol classes. A person committing a crime that involved the use of drugs and or alcohol would be required to attend these classes upon release from jail, for a period of thirty days, sessions or the judge’s discretion. There are such classes that revolve around anger management classes; this would assist an offender in learning how to deal with anger issues and present those ways to relieve one’s stress, anxiety, or just the urge to combat. Rehabilitation also involves community service. Such offenders would be required to sign up at a local agency (Caltrans), and on a daily basis be required to show up at a set time and clean-up the sides of freeways, underpasses, parks, and communities. This would be a way to assist an offender in being accepted back into his or her community. Becoming a Probation Officer, as of 1995 virtually every state has a Probation Officer program in place for young and old law offenders. The duties of Probation Officers vary from state to state. A Probation Officer will meet with the â€Å"offender† on a regular basis and will provide guidance to the offender that will help the offender make better decisions in life. In the hope the offender will conform to the laws. Other duties can include field work such as locating an offender who’s failed to report as agreed and also testifying in a court regarding the probation violation(s). A life as a Probation Officer will be interesting and challenging. Probation Officers must have a keen interest in both criminal justice enforcement and helping young and old law offenders. Being a Probation Officer requires performing several duties and putting in a great amount of time and energy. This career provides a unique opportunity to intervene in the lives of criminal offenders and provide an opportunity for reform. The career comes with safety risks, but many current officers relish the opportunity to make a difference in not only one’s life but a community as a whole. When it comes to the benefits of a Probation Officers career, one may think the benefits are gracious but in fact a probation officers pay can be quite low, about forty five thousand dollars a year on average. Not considerably bad for a starting salary and if just coming into the work force. These benefits may or may not increase over time but other benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401k plans. These other benefits can be seen as a great deal as well because one does need a career that will help them in a time of need. Other benefits one may see are the fact of being able to deal with various situations and scenarios on a day to day basis not to mention the thrill and risks waiting every day. Many want to know what it takes to become a probation officer. Well, you must be at least twenty years of age, have at least a bachelor’s degree on up to a master’s degree, depending on what probation role you are seeking. Some physical fitness also plays a role in this position; you want to be physically active with exercises, walking, jogging etc. This will assure the apprehension of an offender in the event he or she tries to run or fight. A background check will be conducted, you must pass. If all goes well and you are accepted for an interview, you will meet with the interviewing party and answer some question and also this is the time in which you also may ask questions that you seek answers to. You must pass the interview process sometimes more than one interview will be conducted. After acceptance you will have to drug test and pass. And on toward the career you have been seeking awaits you. Life as a probation officer can be stressful. This can affect a person’s life at work and home. The position requires dedication and time. You must be dedicated to the laws set forth by the people and willing to spend the time it takes to assure one’s attempt to being rehabilitated. A probation officer acts as a liaison between the courts orders to the offender and respond on the offenders behalf when the offender has either completed his or her court orders or the offender violates one or all the orders set forth by the court. These determinations will determine whether the offender is released from probation or determine that the offender cannot be rehabilitated at the time and needs to spend the rest of their time in incarceration. Anyone can become a probation officer so as long they want to help society’s not so best, become better and get rehabilitated. This position requires education, physical demand, and stress no doubt. There are some qualifications that must be met but the outcome is great. The benefits are awesome and most wouldn’t be disappointed. With this all being said you may now know whether or not a probation officer is the job for you. If Probation sounds like something you may be interested in, get information and ask questions. There is plenty more information to seek out. The career of a probation officer is not only rewarding and challenging, but comes with great benefits. If helping people is the answer to your future this position can be a great place to start. There are risks and opportunity that come with changing someone’s life whether they are young or old. Many probation officers relish the opportunity to change the lives of law offenders.